If your quote (or paraphrase) spans multiple pages, use the abbreviation pp., and separate the two numbers with an en dash (–).
If you are using information from a single page, use the abbreviation p. Recall that page numbers and more specific location information as detailed below are only required for direct quotes, but may be used for paraphrasing if you wish. The page number will bookend the quote at the end. A narrative citation weaves in the author's name(s) into the text and then adds in the year in parentheses. The strength of narrative citations is that it flows better for a reader. You may also use them for paraphrasing or summarizing. Narrative citations are the preferred method of citing quotes. A narrative citation weaves in the author's name(s) into the text, and then adds in the year in parentheses. Place in quotation marks if the title is an article or chapter. Note that you should capitalize the words in the title for the in-text citation. If there is truly no author for a reference, you use the title or first few words of the title. Remember that most resources that do not have an individual author listed will have an organization or group responsible for the content. You should avoid citing works with no author because you will be unable to verify authority and credibility. If the organization has a common acronym, you may introduce it in your first in-text citation and then use the abbreviation in all subsequent citations.
#Signal phrase examples full
If the author of a work is an organization, company, or group, list that group's full name in the in-text citation. ( Smith & Miller, 2009)įor references with three or more authors, you will only include the first author and then the words et al. You will list up to two authors in an in-text citation, separated with an ampersand (&). Use the last name of the author for your in-text citation. (2017) explored the impact of attentional bias and rumination on test anxiety in first-year university students. That’s helpful when there’s a clear path to a solution" (p. Pink (2009) explains that "rewards, by their very nature, narrow our focus.
Examples According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2011), rates for pregnancy, STDs and abortion are much higher in the US than in other industrialized countries (para. For an overview of signal phrases along with some examples, visit George Mason University's page on Signal Phrases. You will often want to use a signal phrase to introduce a narrative citation. A narrative citations weaves in the author's name(s) into the text, and then adds in the year in parentheses. However, it’s up to you to ensure the information they provide is reliable and accurate.Īlways make sure to properly cite your sources to avoid plagiarism.Narrative citations are the preferred method of citing quotes. Primary sources are often considered the most credible in terms of providing evidence for your argument, as they give you direct evidence of what you are researching. If you use one of these in your research, it is probably a primary source. Some types of source are nearly always primary: works of art and literature, raw statistical data, official documents and records, and personal communications (e.g. Are you directly analyzing the source itself (primary), or only using it for background information (secondary)?.Does the source provide original information (primary), or does it summarize information from other sources (secondary)?.Was the source created by someone directly involved in the events you’re studying (primary), or by another researcher (secondary)?.To determine if a source is primary or secondary, ask yourself:
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